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Java线程池

news 来源：原创 2025/7/5 4:29:02

专栏系列文章地址：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_26437925/article/details/145290162

本文目标：

理解线程池运行原理
- 线程的各种属性参数
- 关闭问题
- 异常处理
- 拒绝策略
- 常见的线程池
可以分析下自身工作中用的各种线程池和参数设定

工作中用到的有

普通的 ThreadPoolExecutor 自己设置参数和名称，配合FutureTask相关完成业务逻辑
ScheduleThreadPool，主要是定期拉取某些资源
SingleThreadScheduledExecutor，单线程定期运行某项任务
…

线程池
- 常见接口和类
- - interface Executor
  - interface ExecutorService extends Executor
  - abstract class AbstractExecutorService implements ExecutorService
  - class ThreadPoolExecutor extends AbstractExecutorService
  - ThreadFactory
- ThreadPoolExecutor 构造函数和成员含义
- - 线程池参数设置
  - 线程池的处理流程
  - ThreadPoolExecutor 例子代码
- 线程池使用后关闭问题？
- - 线程池`shutdown`，`shutdownNow`
  - 线程池的自动关闭
- 拒绝策略
- - 线程添加到线程池中被拒绝的原因
  - 常见的几种拒绝策略
- 线程异常处理
- 常见线程池
- - newFixedThreadPool
  - CachedThreadPool
  - newSingleThreadExecutor 单一无界顺序线程
  - newScheduleThreadPool 延时/定期调度线程池
  - newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor
  - ForkJoinPool(java.util.concurrent;)
  - - new ForkJoinPool()
    - ForkJoinTask类介绍
    - ForkJoinTask例子代码
  - FutureTask 与线程池使用例子代码

线程池

为什么需要线程池？
1. 线程的创建销毁是个消耗系统的操作，实现线程资源的充分复用
2. 方便对线程的统一管理、分配、调优和监控
线程池应该具备哪些功能？
线程池的实现需要注意哪些细节？

常见接口和类

interface Executor

public interface Executor {/*** Executes the given command at some time in the future.  The command* may execute in a new thread, in a pooled thread, or in the calling* thread, at the discretion of the {@code Executor} implementation.** @param command the runnable task* @throws RejectedExecutionException if this task cannot be* accepted for execution* @throws NullPointerException if command is null*/void execute(Runnable command);
}

interface ExecutorService extends Executor

execute() 执行任务
shutdown() 调用后不再接收新任务，如果里面有任务，就执行完
shutdownNow() 调用后不再接受新任务，如果有等待任务，移出队列；有正在执行的，尝试停止之
isShutdown() 判断线程池是否关闭
isTerminated() 判断线程池中任务是否执行完成
submit() 提交任务
invokeAll() 执行一组任务

abstract class AbstractExecutorService implements ExecutorService

class ThreadPoolExecutor extends AbstractExecutorService

ThreadFactory

工厂模式
ThreadFactory

/*** The default thread factory*/static class DefaultThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {private static final AtomicInteger poolNumber = new AtomicInteger(1);private final ThreadGroup group;private final AtomicInteger threadNumber = new AtomicInteger(1);private final String namePrefix;DefaultThreadFactory() {SecurityManager s = System.getSecurityManager();group = (s != null) ? s.getThreadGroup() :Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup();namePrefix = "pool-" +poolNumber.getAndIncrement() +"-thread-";}public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {Thread t = new Thread(group, r,namePrefix + threadNumber.getAndIncrement(),0);if (t.isDaemon())t.setDaemon(false);if (t.getPriority() != Thread.NORM_PRIORITY)t.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY);return t;}}

ThreadPoolExecutor 构造函数和成员含义

public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,int maximumPoolSize,long keepAliveTime,TimeUnit unit,BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue) {this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), defaultHandler);
}public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,int maximumPoolSize,long keepAliveTime,TimeUnit unit,BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,ThreadFactory threadFactory) {this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,threadFactory, defaultHandler);
}public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,int maximumPoolSize,long keepAliveTime,TimeUnit unit,BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), handler);
}public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,int maximumPoolSize,long keepAliveTime,TimeUnit unit,BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,ThreadFactory threadFactory,RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {if (corePoolSize < 0 ||maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||keepAliveTime < 0)throw new IllegalArgumentException();if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)throw new NullPointerException();this.acc = System.getSecurityManager() == null ?null :AccessController.getContext();this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;this.workQueue = workQueue;this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);this.threadFactory = threadFactory;this.handler = handler;
}

corePoolSize: 指定了线程池中的基本线程数量，即在没有任务需要执行的时候线程池的大小，并且只有在工作队列满了的情况下才会创建超出这个数量的线程；在刚刚创建ThreadPoolExecutor的时候，线程并不会立即启动，而是要等到有任务提交时才会启动，除非调用了prestartCoreThread/prestartAllCoreThreads事先启动核心线程。再考虑到keepAliveTime和allowCoreThreadTimeOut超时参数的影响，所以没有任务需要执行的时候，线程池的大小不一定是corePoolSize
maximumPoolSize: 指定了线程池中的最大线程数量，这个参数会根据你使用的workQueue任务队列的类型，决定线程池会开辟的最大线程数量
keepAliveTime: 线程存活时间(在corePoolSize<*<maximumPoolSize情况下有用)；超过corePoolSize的多余的线程会在多长时间内被销毁；
unit: keepAliveTime的单位
workQueue: 阻塞任务队列，被添加到线程池中，但尚未被执行的任务；它一般分为:1.直接提交队列、2.有界任务队列、3.无界任务队列、4.优先任务队列(特殊的无界队列)几种；
threadFactory: 线程工厂，用于创建线程，一般用默认即可；
handler: 拒绝策略；当任务太多来不及处理时，如何拒绝任务；
workerCount: 当前活跃的线程数(也即线程池中的线程数量)

线程池参数设置

CPU密集型：不宜过多设置多线程，因为线程切换会损耗性能；一般是n+1(n为CPU核心数)

IO密集型：一般业务开发主要是数据库、缓存等，涉及到磁盘和网络IO，要考虑多设置线程池，增加IO并发度。一般是n*2(n为CPU核心数)

配合jstack命令：如果线程池中的大部分线程都处于运行状态，则可以提高线程池数量；

队列一般选择有界队列，因为任务很多都塞到工作队列，会占用内存，可能有OOM风险，且此时最大线程数已经失去意义了。

线程池的处理流程

1、如果当前线程池的线程数还没有达到核心大小(poolSize < corePoolSize)，无论是否有空闲的线程都创建一个新的线程来处理新提交的任务；2、如果当前线程池的线程数等于核心大小了(poolSize === corePoolSize),即核心工作线程已经满了，但任务队列未满时，就将新提交的任务提交到阻塞队列排队，等候处理workQueue.offer(command)；3、如果任务队列满(先是队列满，然后是判断最大线程数有没有达到)3.1、当前poolSize<maximumPoolSize，那么就新增线程来处理任务；(这些新的线程在没有工作的时候，最长存活的最长时间为设置的keepAliveTime)3.2、当前poolSize=maximumPoolSize，那么意味着线程池的处理能力已经达到了极限，此时需要拒绝新增加的任务。至于如何拒绝处理新增的任务，取决于线程池的拒绝策略RejectedExecutionHandler。

ThreadPoolExecutor 例子代码

package com.threadpool;import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;/*** @Author mubi* @Date 2019/4/8 10:52 PM*/
public class ThreadPoolUse {static class MyThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {private AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);@Overridepublic Thread newThread(Runnable r) {Thread t = new Thread(r);String threadName = "MyThread" + count.addAndGet(1);System.out.println(threadName);t.setName(threadName);return t;}}static class MyTask implements Runnable{int id;MyTask(int id){this.id = id;}@Overridepublic void run() {try{System.out.println("myTask id:" + id);TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(10);}catch (Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}}}public static void main(String[] args){int corePoolSize = 2;int maximumPoolSize = 4;int keepAliveTime = 2;TimeUnit timeUnit = TimeUnit.SECONDS;BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(1);RejectedExecutionHandler handler = new ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy();ThreadFactory threadFactory = new MyThreadFactory();ThreadPoolExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize,maximumPoolSize,keepAliveTime,timeUnit,workQueue,threadFactory,handler);for(int i=0;i<6;i++) {MyTask task = new MyTask(i);executor.execute(task);}executor.shutdown();}}

线程池使用后关闭问题？

是否需要关闭？如何关闭？

A pool that is no longer referenced in a program and has no remaining threads will be shutdown automatically.

如果程序中不再持有线程池的引用，并且线程池中没有线程时，线程池将会自动关闭。

注：线程池中没有线程是指线程池中的所有线程都已运行完自动消亡，然而我们常用的FixedThreadPool的核心线程没有超时策略，所以并不会自动关闭。

线程池`shutdown`，`shutdownNow`

shutdown() 执行后停止接受新任务，会把队列的任务执行完毕。
shutdownNow() 也是停止接受新任务，但会中断所有的任务，将线程池状态变为stop。

package com.threadpool;import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;/*** @Author mubi* @Date 2019/4/8 10:52 PM*/
public class ThreadPoolUse {static class MyThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {private AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);@Overridepublic Thread newThread(Runnable r) {Thread t = new Thread(r);String threadName = "MyThread" + count.addAndGet(1);System.out.println(threadName);t.setName(threadName);return t;}}static class MyTask implements Runnable{int id;MyTask(int id){this.id = id;}@Overridepublic void run() {try{System.out.println("myTask id:" + id);TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(10);}catch (Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}}}static void testFixPool(){while(true) {ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(8);executorService.execute(() -> System.out.println("running"));executorService = null;}}static void testCachedThreadPool(){while(true) {// 默认keepAliveTime为 60sExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();ThreadPoolExecutor threadPoolExecutor = (ThreadPoolExecutor) executorService;// 为了更好的模拟，动态修改为1纳秒threadPoolExecutor.setKeepAliveTime(1, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);threadPoolExecutor.execute(() -> System.out.println("running"));executorService = null;}}static class MyRejectPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler{@Overridepublic void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor executor) {if (r instanceof MyTask) {MyTask r1 = (MyTask) r;//直接打印System.out.println("Reject Thread:" + r1.id);}}}static void test(){int corePoolSize = 2;int maximumPoolSize = 5;int keepAliveTime = 60 * 1;TimeUnit timeUnit = TimeUnit.SECONDS;BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(2);
//        RejectedExecutionHandler handler = new ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy();RejectedExecutionHandler handler = new MyRejectPolicy();ThreadFactory threadFactory = new MyThreadFactory();ThreadPoolExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize,maximumPoolSize,keepAliveTime,timeUnit,workQueue,threadFactory,handler);MyTask task = new MyTask(1);executor.execute(task);executor.shutdown();// 已经关闭的线程池，引用还在，再有新任务，会执行拒绝策略MyTask task2 = new MyTask(2);executor.execute(task2);}public static void main(String[] args){test();System.out.println("main end");}}

线程池的自动关闭

自动关闭线程池：核心线程数为 0 并指定线程存活时间
通过 allowCoreThreadTimeOut 控制核心线程存活时间

/*** Sets the policy governing whether core threads may time out and* terminate if no tasks arrive within the keep-alive time, being* replaced if needed when new tasks arrive. When false, core* threads are never terminated due to lack of incoming* tasks. When true, the same keep-alive policy applying to* non-core threads applies also to core threads. To avoid* continual thread replacement, the keep-alive time must be* greater than zero when setting {@code true}. This method* should in general be called before the pool is actively used.** @param value {@code true} if should time out, else {@code false}* @throws IllegalArgumentException if value is {@code true}*         and the current keep-alive time is not greater than zero** @since 1.6*/
public void allowCoreThreadTimeOut(boolean value) {if (value && keepAliveTime <= 0)throw new IllegalArgumentException("Core threads must have nonzero keep alive times");if (value != allowCoreThreadTimeOut) {allowCoreThreadTimeOut = value;if (value)interruptIdleWorkers();}
}

线程池中的线程设置为守护线程

拒绝策略

线程池的拒绝策略是指当任务添加到线程池中被拒绝而采取的处理措施

线程添加到线程池中被拒绝的原因

当任务添加到线程池中之所以被拒绝，可能是由于：第一线程池异常关闭；第二，任务数量超过线程池的最大限制,并设置有界的workeQueue

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;/*** @Author mubi* @Date 2019/9/2 21:38*/
public class ThreadPoolTest {static SimpleDateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss,SSS");static RejectedExecutionHandler defaultHandler = new RejectedExecutionHandler() {@Overridepublic void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {throw new RejectedExecutionException("MyTest Task " + r.toString() +" rejected from " +e.toString());}};static AtomicInteger atomicInteger = new AtomicInteger(0);ThreadFactory threadFactory = new ThreadFactory() {@Overridepublic Thread newThread(Runnable r) {Thread thread = new Thread(r);thread.setName("mythread-" + atomicInteger.get());atomicInteger.incrementAndGet();return thread;}};void test1(){ThreadPoolExecutor EXECUTOR =new ThreadPoolExecutor(5,10,3000L,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(2),threadFactory,defaultHandler);int n = 2;for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {// 使用前可以判断
//            if(!EXECUTOR.isShutdown()) {Thread t = threadFactory.newThread(new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {System.out.println("Hello World");try{TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);}catch (Exception e){}System.out.println("Hello World2");}});EXECUTOR.execute(t);
//            }else {
//                System.out.println("executor already shutdown");
//            }EXECUTOR.shutdown();}}void test2(){ThreadPoolExecutor EXECUTOR =new ThreadPoolExecutor(5,10,3000L,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(2),threadFactory,defaultHandler);int n = 15;for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {final int tmpint = i;EXECUTOR.execute(new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {try {System.out.println(tmpint+"Hello World");TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(1000L);} catch (InterruptedException e) {}}});}EXECUTOR.shutdown();}public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception {ThreadPoolTest threadPoolTest = new ThreadPoolTest();threadPoolTest.test2();System.out.println("end main()");}}

常见的几种拒绝策略

ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy:丢弃任务并抛出RejectedExecutionException异常。（默认）
ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy：丢弃任务，但是不抛出异常。
ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy：丢弃队列最前面的任务，然后重新提交被拒绝的任务
ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy：由调用线程（提交任务的线程）自己处理该任务

线程异常处理

参考阅读博文：线程池中某个线程执行有异常，该如何处理？

实际工作中一般是自身线程内部try catch处理好各种异常，log打好，监控加好；也可以抛出异常，但要注意拒绝策略，可以加上重试

常见线程池

newFixedThreadPool

创建一个可重用固定线程数的线程池，以共享的无界队列方式来运行这些线程

// 核心和最大线程数都是固定数，使用`LinkedBlockingQueue`队列
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());}

static void testFixPool(){while(true) {ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(8);executorService.execute(() -> System.out.println("running"));executorService = null;}
}public static void main(String[] args){testFixPool();System.out.println("main end");
}

因为固定线程池不会自己销毁，最终会耗尽内存（需要在合适的时候shutdown）

running
running
running
running
running
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: unable to create new native threadat java.lang.Thread.start0(Native Method)at java.lang.Thread.start(Thread.java:717)at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.addWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:957)at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.execute(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1367)at com.threadpool.ThreadPoolUse.testFixPool(ThreadPoolUse.java:71)at com.threadpool.ThreadPoolUse.main(ThreadPoolUse.java:77)

CachedThreadPool

static void testCachedThreadPool(){while(true) {// 默认keepAliveTime为 60sExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();ThreadPoolExecutor threadPoolExecutor = (ThreadPoolExecutor) executorService;// 为了更好的模拟，动态修改为1纳秒threadPoolExecutor.setKeepAliveTime(1, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);threadPoolExecutor.execute(() -> System.out.println("running"));executorService = null;}
}public static void main(String[] args){testCachedThreadPool();System.out.println("main end");
}

创建一个可根据需要创建新线程的线程池，但是在以前构造的线程可用时将重用它们，并在需要时使用提供的 ThreadFactory 创建新线程
线程池中数量没有固定，可达到最大值（Interger. MAX_VALUE）
CachedThreadPool 的线程 keepAliveTime 默认为 60s，核心线程数量为 0 ，所以不会有核心线程存活阻止线程池自动关闭。详见线程池之ThreadPoolExecutor构造；为了更快的模拟，构造后将 keepAliveTime 修改为1纳秒，相当于线程执行完马上会消亡，所以线程池可以被回收。实际开发中，如果CachedThreadPool确实忘记关闭，在一定时间后是可以被回收的，但仍然建议显示关闭。

// 核心线程数为0，每次都必须新建线程，无法线程复用（空闲后会在60s后销毁)
// SynchronousQueue没有容量，是无缓冲等待队列，是一个不存储元素的阻塞队列，会直接将任务交给消费者，必须等队列中的添加元素被消费后才能继续添加新的元素。
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());}

newSingleThreadExecutor 单一无界顺序线程

作用：创建一个使用单个 worker 线程的 Executor，以无界队列方式来运行该线程。（注意，如果因为在关闭前的执行期间出现失败而终止了此单个线程，那么如果需要，一个新线程将代替它执行后续的任务）。可保证顺序地执行各个任务，并且在任意给定的时间不会有多个线程是活动的。

// 核心，最大线程数都是1，使用`LinkedBlockingQueue`阻塞无界(这里指队列大小是Integer.MAX_VALUE)队列
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService(new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),threadFactory));}

newScheduleThreadPool 延时/定期调度线程池

作用：创建一个线程池，它可安排在给定延迟后运行命令或者定期地执行。

特征：
* 线程池中具有指定数量的线程，即便是空线程也将保留
* 可定时或者延迟执行线程活动

创建方式：
* Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize)；// corePoolSize线程的个数
* newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize, ThreadFactory threadFactory)；// corePoolSize线程的个数，threadFactory创建线程的工厂

newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor

作用：创建一个单线程执行程序，它可安排在给定延迟后运行命令或者定期地执行。

特征：
* 线程池中最多执行1个线程，之后提交的线程活动将会排在队列中以此执行
* 可定时或者延迟执行线程活动

创建方式：
* Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor() ；
* Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) ；//threadFactory创建线程的工厂

代码例子eg:

public class HookTest {static volatile boolean flag = true;static AtomicInteger i = new AtomicInteger(0);static ScheduledExecutorService service;public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {try {int curVal = i.get();System.out.println(curVal + "：" + flag);if(curVal >= 10){flag = false;}else {i.addAndGet(1);}} catch (Exception e) {System.out.println("发生异常");}}};service = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();service.scheduleAtFixedRate(runnable, 0, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);new Thread(new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {while (flag) {}service.shutdown();System.out.println("end:" + flag);}}).start();}}
/*
0：true
1：true
2：true
3：true
4：true
5：true
6：true
7：true
8：true
9：true
10：true
end:false
*/

ForkJoinPool(java.util.concurrent;)

@sun.misc.Contended
public class ForkJoinPool extends AbstractExecutorService

ForkJoin思想：把一个任务拆分成多个“小任务”，把多个“小任务”放到多个处理器核心上并行执行；当多个“小任务”执行完成之后，再将这些执行结果合并起来即可

fork

n. 餐叉; 叉(挖掘用的园艺工具); (道路、河流等的) 分岔处，分流处，岔口，岔路;
v. 分岔; 岔开两条分支; 走岔路中的一条; 叉运; 叉掘;

join

v. 连接; 接合; 联结; 结合; 联合; 汇合; 成为…的一员; 参加; 加入;
n. 结合; 连接; 接合点;

new ForkJoinPool()

public ForkJoinPool() {this(Math.min(MAX_CAP, Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()),defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, null, false);}

/*** Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with the given parameters, without* any security checks or parameter validation.  Invoked directly by* makeCommonPool.*/
private ForkJoinPool(int parallelism,ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory,UncaughtExceptionHandler handler,int mode,String workerNamePrefix) {this.workerNamePrefix = workerNamePrefix;this.factory = factory;this.ueh = handler;this.config = (parallelism & SMASK) | mode;long np = (long)(-parallelism); // offset ctl countsthis.ctl = ((np << AC_SHIFT) & AC_MASK) | ((np << TC_SHIFT) & TC_MASK);
}

默认线程数量是：Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()(1个cpu，2核，超线程数2，返回4)

ForkJoinTask类介绍

public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> implements Future<V>, Serializable {

Abstract base class for tasks that run within a ForkJoinPool. A ForkJoinTask is a thread-like entity that is much lighter weight than a normal thread. Huge numbers of tasks and subtasks may be hosted by a small number of actual threads in a ForkJoinPool, at the price of some usage limitations.

ForkJoinTask例子代码

public class ForkJoinTaskExample extends RecursiveTask<Integer> {public static final int threshold = 2;private int start;private int end;public ForkJoinTaskExample(int start, int end) {this.start = start;this.end = end;}@Overrideprotected Integer compute() {int sum = 0;boolean canCompute = (end - start) <= threshold;if (canCompute) {for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) {sum += i;}} else {// 如果任务大于阈值，就分裂成两个子任务计算int middle = (start + end) / 2;ForkJoinTaskExample leftTask = new ForkJoinTaskExample(start, middle);ForkJoinTaskExample rightTask = new ForkJoinTaskExample(middle + 1, end);// 执行子任务leftTask.fork();rightTask.fork();// invokeAll(leftTask, rightTask);// 等待任务执行结束合并其结果int leftResult = leftTask.join();int rightResult = rightTask.join();// 合并子任务sum = leftResult + rightResult;}return sum;}static void testForkJoinPool() throws Exception{ForkJoinPool forkjoinPool = new ForkJoinPool();int sta = 1;int end = 100;//生成一个计算任务，计算连续区间范围的和ForkJoinTaskExample task = new ForkJoinTaskExample(sta, end);//执行一个任务Future<Integer> result = forkjoinPool.submit(task);System.out.println("result:" + result.get());}public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{testForkJoinPool();TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);}
}

FutureTask 与线程池使用例子代码

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;class Task implements Callable<Integer>{String name;public Task(String name) {this.name = name;}@Overridepublic Integer call() throws Exception {Integer res = new Random().nextInt(100);Thread.sleep(1000);System.out.println("任务执行:获取到结果 :"+res);return  res;}public String getName() {return name;}
}public class Solution {public void testFutureAndThreadPool(){// 线程池ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);//进行异步任务列表List<FutureTask<Integer>> futureTasks = new ArrayList<>();long start = System.currentTimeMillis();int n = 10;for(int i=0;i<n;i++){Task task = new Task("name_" + i);//创建一个异步任务FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<>(task);futureTasks.add(futureTask);//提交异步任务到线程池，让线程池管理任务。//由于是异步并行任务，所以这里并不会阻塞executorService.submit(futureTask);}int count = 0;for (FutureTask<Integer> futureTask : futureTasks) {// get()// get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) 第一个参数为最大等待时间，第二个为时间的单位try{count += futureTask.get();}catch (Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}}//清理线程池executorService.shutdown();long end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println("线程池的任务全部完成:结果为:"+count+"，main线程关闭，进行线程的清理");System.out.println("使用时间："+(end-start)+"ms");}public void testLine(){long start = System.currentTimeMillis();int n = 10;int count = 0;for(int i=0;i<n;i++){Task task = new Task("name_" + i);try{count += task.call();}catch (Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}}long end = System.currentTimeMillis();System.out.println("线程池的任务全部完成:结果为:"+count+"，main线程关闭，进行线程的清理");System.out.println("使用时间："+(end-start)+"ms");//清理线程池}public static void main(String[] args) {Solution solution = new Solution();solution.testFutureAndThreadPool();solution.testLine();System.out.println("the end");}}

目录

线程池